Sectors

The agricultural sector in Colombia is one of the major sources of the country's economy. Its importance lies not only contributes to the fact that 6.3% of the GDP of the country (MARD, 2012), it also represents one of the sectors that contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). At the same time it is also one of the sectors with greater opportunities to implement measures to reduce emissions.

Emissions from agriculture come from different activities such as enteric fermentation and manure management, agricultural land management, rice cultivation, savanna burning and agricultural waste. Under the Emissions Calculator Colombia 2050, major emission source categories such as enteric fermentation and manure management, management of agricultural soils and rice crops were taken. For the livestock sector is considered only emissions from enteric fermentation of cattle.

The components of the sector included in the Carbon Calculator 2050 were:

1. Change in consumption of meat and milk per capita. Analyzed the direct relationship between consumption of meat and milk per person per year and emissions arising from their production activity. It assumes that by reducing the consumption of meat and milk may discourage livestock production, excluding exports alternative. In this scenario the impact is not analyzed in emissions in other sectors in which they may incur when you stop eating meat, such as increased consumption of soy.
2. Livestock sustainable practices in soil: a) introduction of trees and shrubs to traditional livestock production system b) Rehabilitation of Pastures: This lever measures are analyzed as consisting in the recovery of degraded pastures by planting new grasses and legumes by conventional tillage practices.
3. Best husbandry practices: This component was initially contemplated analyze measures as: a) strategic supplementation of cattle consisting of improving the diet of cattle by balancing between different fractions (fiber, protein and energy), b) rational grazing dividing the grazing area into small pastures and livestock alternating rotating floors every day, in order to recover the pastures.
4. Better agricultural practices: This component comprises 5 different integrated mitigation measures. These measures are: a) Agroforestry: Biological interaction of trees (woody perennials) crops in order to diversify and optimize production sustainably; b) Efficient use of fertilizers in potato cultivation: Reduced use of fertilizers in potato cultivation maintaining crop yields; c) Use of biodigesters in the cultivation of coffee: Proposes the use of digesters and use of biogas generated in the process of drying of parchment coffee farm. Emissions reduction measure is a product of capturing emissions from the decomposition of the pulp and mucilage field, and replacing coal with biogas in the drying process; d) efficient water in rice cultivation Management: Determines the impact to establish the optimal number and location of inputs of irrigation water for these crops to improve their efficiency; e) avocado and mango plantations: planting avocado and mango by small, medium and large producers.
    

Colombia has more than 114 million hectares (M ha) of land area, of which 61 M ha are natural forests (53% of the country) (IDEAM, 2014) ecosystems. In these areas, much of the wealth is in country's biodiversity and environmental services through which these ecosystems provide, surrounding communities get their daily and Economic Development (MADS, 2013) support.

Despite the existence of institutions of control and conservation of forests in the country during the period 2005-2010 has lost 1,409,844. This represents an average deforestation rate of 281,969 ha / year (IDEAM, 2014), one major cause of emissions of greenhouse gases. The main causes of the loss and degradation of forests in Colombia are attributed to several factors: the expansion of the agricultural frontier, mining, forest fires, illegal crops, infrastructure (urban centers and road construction) and extraction unsustainable wood (MADS, 2013).

The components of the sector included in the Carbon Calculator 2050 were:

1. Reducing the rate of deforestation in the country: The measure provides for the reduction of the potential impacts in terms of emissions that can have if it increases or decreases the rate of deforestation of forests in the country (only emissions are estimated Air) biomass.
2. Commercial Reforestation and Protection: Action that has the potential for carbon sequestration impacts that can have if done reforestation initiatives implemented commercial and protective purposes in the country.
    

Good management and the management of solid waste and sewage is one of the biggest challenges faced in different regions of the country. In Colombia, there have been great advances in the management of programs and regulations for the management of solid waste and wastewater, though still gaps in coverage occur and efficiency of basic sanitation services (CCAP, 2012 ). In addition to being a public service, the waste sector is recognized as an important economic sector. In Colombia, it is estimated that the sector of basic sanitation (water supply, sewage and toilet) correspond to 0.7% of GDP (SSPD, 2010).

GHG emissions from this sector come from the processes of management of solid waste and wastewater and landfills and treatment plants wastewater (WWTP). Under the Emissions Calculator Colombia 2050, methane emissions from municipal solid waste management, domestic and industrial waste water and emissions of nitrous oxide treatment of municipal wastewater are analyzed.

The components of the sector included in the Carbon Calculator 2050 were:

1. Reducing Solid Waste Management and Landfill: This measure includes reducing the amount of solid waste disposed in landfills, in order to reduce emissions and in turn, the use of their potential by capturing biogas generated in landfills and the use thereof in burning practices or power generation.
2. Biogas from wastewater: Measure, according to Sector Action Plan (SAP) for the waste sector and Study of the University of the Andes, includes energy use and burning of biogas generated in the WWTP.
    

The energy sector is divided into power generation, biofuel production, hydrocarbon production and coal production. These same are presented in the following:

Generation

Electricity generation in the country is characterized by mostly hydro, followed by thermal generation. In 2010 56.887 GWh was generated with a composition of 71% hydro, 27% thermal and the remainder are smaller and cogenerators (simultaneous production of heat and electricity from a single fuel in this sector is used mostly the bagasse in sugar mills) (XM, 2014). But the El Niño and La Niña change involving technology in the energy basket.

Hydroelectric output in 2010 registered a value of 40 TWh with net effective capacity of 9,044 MW. The thermal installed capacity in 2010 was 4,566 MW (distributed as follows: 2,122 gas, 997MW coal, 57 cogeneration and 1,390 of liquid fuels). The thermoelectric energy matrix in 2010 consisted of 22% coal, 46% gas and 31% of other liquid fuels (XM, 2014).

On the other hand, currently in operation Jepírachi Wind Farm 19.5 MW. From 2004 to 2007 it is estimated that the park has generated 193 885 TWh and 61 109 tonnes of CO2 equivalent reduced (CORPOEMA, 2010).

According to preliminary results of the first biennial update report of Colombia to the Framework Convention United Nations Climate Change thermal generation contributes to 26% of emissions in the energy category and 9% of total national emissions. (IDEAM-UNDP, 2015)

The calculator analyzes the impact on GHG emissions by replacing coal and diesel by natural gas and bagasse in thermal generation and simulation of the implementation of different technologies are not installed in the country as offshore wind, geothermal, solar, tidal and nuclear.

The components of this issue included in the Carbon Calculator 2050 were:

1. Thermoelectric energy management: This component was developed considering the expansion plan for generation and transmission of reference published by the UPME 2013-2027, which contains scenarios in the short and long term resource expansion of generation and transmission of electricity under different types of technologies.
2. NPP: Evaluates the generation of electricity through the installation of nuclear plants. The country currently has no plans to develop nuclear power plants.
3. Onshore wind energy: Evaluates electricity generation through the use of air currents on earth. Currently the country has Jepirachi wind farm, located in the northern department of La Guajira and is expected to develop wind power projects in the future.
4. Offshore wind energy: Evaluates electricity generation through the use of air currents for processing and obtaining electricity installed platforms in the oceans.
5. Large hydropower: This component assesses through four levels of ambition increased hydraulic power installation.
6. Small hydro: This component assesses through four levels of ambition increased installation of small-scale hydraulic power. Are small hydro electricity generation facilities that are characterized by low power generation between 1 and 20MW.
7. Maritime Energy: Maritime energy can be transformed to generate electricity through technologies that harness ocean currents, salinity, temperature difference and waves.
8. Geothermal: Geothermal energy is obtained by harnessing heat inside the earth.
9. Photovoltaic solar energy on a large scale: This component assesses the penetration of photovoltaic solar panels installed on a large scale through four levels of ambition.
10. Self-generation Solar photovoltaic: This component supply photovoltaic solar energy generated by solar panels located on the roofs of single and multi-family dwellings, and commercial and service buildings is assessed.
11. Solar thermal self-generation: This component supply solar energy for water heating is evaluated, calculated from the installed area, solar radiation and efficiency.
12. Renewable energy in non-interconnected areas (ZNI): non-interconnected zones (ZNI) are formed by municipalities, townships, villages, and hamlets not interconnected to the national grid (SIN). These areas represent 52% of the national territory, which includes 90 municipalities. This component assesses some localities connection to the national grid, penetration of hybrid systems that integrate renewable energy and backup diesel plants and energy solutions for the islands of San Andres and Providencia.

Biofuels

As part of a policy to drive growth in strategic sectors, the Government promotes the planting of oil palm plantations and sugar cane in the country, through incentives and tax exemptions for the production and marketing of biodiesel and bioethanol.

In 2010 crops planted palm and sugarcane area was 404,104 ha and 219,309 ha respectively for a total of 623,413 ha nationwide (about 18% of the agricultural use of the country in 2010). According to the National Federation of Biofuels in Colombia it has 5 plants for the production of biodiesel.

In the Carbon Calculator 2050 it was including land devoted to biofuel component: Evaluates the respective impacts on emissions that can have if the land devoted to biofuels in the country increases. This component takes into account the land dedicated to the cultivation of oil palm and sugar cane.

Production of hydrocarbons

Overall energy with the largest share in the domestic supply of primary energy in 2009 were oil (43%), natural gas (22%) and coal (10%) 1. According to the Mining and Energy Planning Unit - UPME, in 2010 there was 287 million barrels of oil (Mbp) and 391 Giga Cubic Feet (GPC).

The country has refineries in Barrancabermeja, Cartagena, Orito and Apiay. The first two represent more than 97% of installed capacity for oil refining. According to the 2010 energy balance energy consumption in refineries is 98.6 TWh of natural gas and oil TWh 1753

The components of this issue included in the Carbon Calculator 2050 were:

1. Production of hydrocarbons: This component is a trajectory modeling different scenarios hydrocarbon production. Replica study scenarios Update scenarios of demand and supply of hydrocarbons in Colombia published by UPME (UPME, 2014). These scenarios reflect three situations production of hydrocarbons (scarcity and abundance based) with different market assumptions and production in each.
2. Energy efficiency in the production of hydrocarbons: This component assesses the improvement of energy efficiency in the combustion process of the refineries, through recovery and reuse of thermal energy and avoiding fouling systems (fouling mitigation). These two aspects reduce the thermal efficiency and heat transfer capacity, resulting in reductions in energy consumption.
3. Enhanced recovery in the production of hydrocarbons The enhanced oil recovery method is a tertiary oil recovery and can permit a significant increase in oil extraction. The combination of enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) and permanent storage of CO2 in oil fields has the potential to provide a major short-term solution to reduce greenhouse gases.

Coal production

In 2010 the national coal production was 74 million tons. 90.6% are coal mined in open pits and underground mines remaining. For this year the export of coal accounted for 92% of total production and the remaining 8% for domestic use (UPME, 2015).

In the Carbon Calculator 2050 was included the use of methane in coal mines component: This component assesses the emissions reductions in coal mines to open pit and underground through the use of methane by burning in tea, self-generation and methane recovery as natural gas.
 

The manufacturing sector is the fourth largest contributor to national GDP with a contribution of 11.3% of the total, generating 13.5% of total employment in the country (MinCIT, 2014).

According to the 2012 national energy balance by the UPME, industrial sector accounts for 21.2% of final energy consumption in the country, the second largest consumer industry after transportation sector. The energy matrix of the sector is characterized by being comprised 39% by natural gas; followed by electricity with 23% and coal 12%.

The components of the sector included in the Carbon Calculator 2050 were:

1. Industrial Growth: This component was developed taking into account projections of industrial demand of the National Energy Plan Colombia: energy ideas published by UPME 2050. This component includes 3 industrial growth paths
2. Energy efficiency in industry: This component assesses the impact on GHG emissions from implementing energy efficiency measures in industrial subsectors considered in the calculator.
    

This sector is the largest energy consumer in the country, currently representing 44% of the national energy demand (UPME, 2015). In terms of energy, transport is characterized by its high dependence on fossil fuels, particularly gasoline and diesel, whose share is 75%.

The main mode of transportation is the highway with a 89% stake in mobilizing domestic passengers and exceeding the 70% stake in the movement of cargo. Within the sector, the load is the main energy consumer, with a share of 52% in total energy demand.

The calculator evaluates measures both in the segment of passenger and the cargo, which focus on reducing dependence on fossil fuels and increase the participation of more efficient modes of transport.

1. Demand management - Passenger traffic: In this component the impact the increased participation of non-motorized travel and public transport, as well as reducing the travel distance by private transport is analyzed.
2. Energy efficiency and use of clean technologies - Passenger traffic: In this component the impact the increased participation of electric and hybrid technologies in the fleets of highway passenger transportation is analyzed.
3. Demand Management - Freight: This component the energy demand for the mobilization of domestic cargo in highway, rail, river and air modes are calculated. . As a mitigation measure, the impact the replacement of long-distance road transport freight transport on rail and river modes are analyzed.
4. Energy efficiency and use of clean technologies - Freight: This component focuses on the highway mode and analyzes the impact of increased participation of Liquefied Natural Gas technologies - LNG and compressed natural gas - CNG truck freight urban and interurban.
    

Currently the residential sector accounts for approximately 20% of final energy consumption in the country (UPME, 2015). For 2010, the main sources of energy with which the sector demand is satisfied are electricity covering 34% of the total, 19% natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and firewood 11% 29% .

The trade and services sector consumes about 7% of the final energy in the country, presenting a low energy intensity of services generated (Upme, 2013). For 2010, the main sources of energy with which the demand is met the sector are: the electricity that covers 67% of the total, 20% natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel 4% in July %.

The calculator analyzes the impact of passive measures (or structural and architectural design) to improve energy efficiency in equipment design of spaces, improved lighting systems and refrigeration.

1. Design and energy efficiency design of residential spaces. This component energy consumption for space conditioning and the impact it would have passive measures and improvement of energy efficiency equipment to reduce energy consumption is evaluated.
2. Efficient equipment and energy efficiency in residential buildings: This component energy consumption for lighting, refrigeration, cooking, water heating and other uses in the urban residential sector is evaluated.
3. Energy efficiency for rural housing: electricity, firewood and LPG: In this component, the total energy consumption in the rural sector for energy is evaluated.
4. Design and energy efficient design of commercial spaces: In this component, the total energy consumption for space conditioning by climate zone and the impact it would have passive and improvement measures of energy efficiency of equipment in reducing evaluates energy consumption.
5. Energy efficiency and efficient equipment: For this component, the total energy consumption for thermal uses (cooking, hot water, pool heating, sterilization, laundry areas, etc.) and equipment (lighting, cooling, power, equipment is evaluated computer, etc.) by climatic zone.